In their study titled "Relying on the Mainstream? Entity Networks in Alternative Media", Paul Balluff, Hajo Boomgaarden, and Annie Waldherr use computational methods to compare how German alternative and legacy media reported on Nord Stream 2 by analyzing named entity networks across more than a decade of news coverage.

Alternative media, characterized by their heterogeneous nature and self-perceived corrective role to legacy media, have gained increasing relevance in shaping public opinion. Despite their influence, large-scale analyses of their referential and actor-related reporting characteristics remain scarce. This exploratory study investigates named entity networks in German alternative and legacy media, focusing on their reporting on the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from 2011 to 2022. Using computational methods, the authors analyze news articles from 37 alternative and 98 legacy outlets, extracting named entities and constructing co-occurrence networks to identify distinct reporting patterns.

The findings challenge assumptions that alternative media inherently diverge from legacy media in their referenced entities. While alternative media exhibit distinctive network structures-such as lower modularity and higher transitivity—they also demonstrate substantial overlap in their choice of entities and patterns of media mentions. These findings suggest that alternative media frequently mention other media, which may reflect resource limitations and reactive reporting tendencies. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of alternative media by highlighting both their unique characteristics and shared practices with legacy media.

Read the full article here: doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2026.2705298

Cite the article: Balluff, P., Boomgaarden, H. G., & Waldherr, A. (2026). Relying on the Mainstream? Entity Networks in Alternative Media. Digital Journalism, 1–19. doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2026.2705298